Besides some of the very, very obvious (don’t copy/paste 100 lines of code, make it a function! Write comments for your future self who has forgotten this codebase 3 years from now!), I’m not sure how to write clean, efficient code that follows good practices.
In other words, I’m always privating my repos because I’m not sure if I’m doing some horrible beginner inefficiency/bad practice where I should be embarrassed for having written it, let alone for letting other people see it. Aside from https://refactoring.guru, where should I be learning and what should I be learning?
For following good practices, I highly recommend using a linter like ruff. I’ve learned a lot from it’s explanations on why my code is bad.
Also I have tried to avoid using else statements.
how do you avoid using else, and why?
I think this is the kind of advice that if taken without context as a dogmatic approach, you’ll get worse code.
There are ideas around “exit early” and “balanced branches”… But they’re IMO a pretty low-value add, and the likelihood of misapplication is pretty high.
I’d be way more focused on designing for testibility.
If you focus on that, so many good design choices will fall out naturally.
Often the order that if/then are placed in can make ‘else’ unnecessary. "Exit early"is the guiding principle.
The reason to avoid 'elsec is because if an if/then can be resolved in a few lines of code, it reduces nesting, which can make the code dramatically more readable and maintainable.
Disclaimer: I would only call my skill level as intermediate and would yield to any more senior developer here.
It’s not a hard and fast rule, but you can usually write it without the else and in fewer lines.
So take for a very contrived example a function that needs to return a non boolean value for a boolean test. A use case could be if you need to figure out a string argument for another function, such as you need to determine if you need to keep the “first” or “last” duplicate in a dataframe (I’m thinking about pandas’s df.drop_dupliactes method).
Continuing with the drop_duplicate thing let’s say we have a dataframe we need to de-duplicate but for some reason if the overall length of the dataframe is even, we need to keep the first duplicate and if the dataframe length is odd we keep the last. I don’t know why we would, but that was a very particular request from the customer and we need the money to buy more Warhammer figurines.
import pandas as pd # With else statement def foo(x: int) -> str: if x%2>0: return "last" else: return "first" # No else statement, shorter. def foo(x: int) -> str: if x%2>0: return "last" return "first" #import dataframe, deduplicate df = pd.read_csv("c:\\path\\to\\data.csv") dedup = df.drop_duplicates(keep=foo(len(df))Here’s an essay that goes into more detail
# No else statement, shorter. def foo(x: int) -> str: if x%2: return "first" return "last"This is easier to think about for me: am I weird? Numbers can be interpreted as boolean in C but not in Go, which came later and is presumably an improvement.
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