Performing a specific action in response to stimulus isn’t the same thing as language. Language means you’re manipulating abstract signs and symbols to convey information. There are places where all the different birds and monkeys have specific alarm calls for “Predatory Bird” “Snake” and “predatory cat”. All the animals in the region understand what the alarm calls of the other species mean, more or less. If you hear a “predatory bird” call you go down in to the canopy where the hawks and eagles can’t manuever. If you hear “predatory cat” you out to thinner branches where a jaguar can’t manuever. But that’s not language. It might, debatably, be culture, in that adult animals are teaching their offspring how to respond and the calls aren’t genetically encoded but vary from region to region, but it’s not language.

If they had a bunch of symbols they could string together to convey arbitrary information “The predatory bird is behind that tree” “the predatory bird his near the sun” the “the predatory bird is coming from up-wind” you’d have an argument for language. Very few animals can do anything remotely like that. Bees might be doing something like that with their little “This is where teh flowers are” dances. Corvids are doing something we don’t fully understand that appears to allow them to convey abstract information about situations and objects that aren’t visible. I think there’s some speculation that Orcas can do some language-like things. But apes don’t. There’s no serious evidence Chimps or Gorillas can do language. Dogs can’t even though they’ve co-evolved nearly unique cognitive abilities like the ability to recognize when a human is pointing at something, and that pointing means they should look where the finger is pointing. Most animals can’t do that. They don’t have whatever it is that allows a dog to look at a human’s body posture and say “That human wants me to look in that direction”. Apparently Elephants can understand pointing, too. Buy non-human apes mostly cannot. Like some individuals figure it out, but it’s not universal.

I think there’s also speculation that Elephants might be doing something language like with some kind of very loud, low-frequency sound they transmit through the ground, and distant elephants can hear through their feet since their feet are pretty sensitive and have a large surface area in contact with the ground. I don’t know much about that, though.

When humans think they’re seeing another animal engaged in language like behavior, a lot of the time what’s happening is that humans are so hyper-tuned to be constantly looking for and trying to interpret what other humans are doing, that we tend to get a lot of false positives. Doing language and interpretting complex facial and body language is hard and reuquires a lot of mental juice. We’re the best at it among every animal we’ve ever observed and we still screw up all teh time - misinterpretting other people’s intentions or facial cues, hearing the wrong words in a sentence, things like that. And just to get there, we have to have a lot of brain power devoted to listening for language all the time. We have to quickly discern whether a sound fits the pattern of language, or if it’s just wind or monkeys yelling or something. And we get false positives. We hear sounds that sound like they have a meaningful pattern in them, and we htink “that must be language”. Sometimes we interpret ambiguous noises as being words or names. We see human faces all over the place and we attribute human expressions, and then human-like mental states, to animals that absolutely do not have either of those things. It can get so bad that people will get to thinking that statues or trees or stars have human-like minds and intelligence. Z

So, like, basically, it’s so important that we recognize language and human minds when they are present, that we’re set up to generate a lot of false positives, to make a lot of mistakes. Thinking a a bear is contemplating the beauty of nature, or that a cat is feeling content, aren’t going to hurt you whether you’re right or wrong. It’s okay to be wrong about those things, even a lot, if it means you’re more likely to successfully catch when humans are saying or doing something important. So we tend to think our dogs and cats and fish and birds and cows and all kinds of other things are way more human-like than they are, because mostly it doesn’t hurt us to do so, and if became more selective in what we judged to be human like behavior we might miss actual important human behavior that would hurt us.